Global airlines are projected to incur over $11 billion in additional costs in 2025 due to persistent supply chain disruptions, according to a joint IATA–Oliver Wyman study. Key drivers include:

• ~$4.2 billion from inefficient fuel use for older aircraft in service
• ~$3.1 billion in maintenance for aging fleets
• ~$2.6 billion in engine leasing due to delays
• ~$1.4 billion from higher spare parts inventory

Delays in aircraft and parts delivery, staffing strain, and constrained capacity compound the pressure. The report urges opening up the aftermarket, boosting transparency, and increasing resilience across the aviation supply chain.